Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics AND values, as well as the rights AND dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees AND fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership AND cooperative SOCIAL responsibility AND the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive AND correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management AND Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple rANDom sampling method. A stANDard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility AND ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their SOCIAL responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate AND align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction AND collaborative responsibility AND leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects AND consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral AND SOCIAL effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials AND Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) AND articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID AND Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 AND with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals AND SOCIAL capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners AND reforming them, provides better implementation of SOCIAL justice AND improvement of public trust, emotional AND financial support for the families of criminals

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies AND measures necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs AND democratic SOCIAL education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) AND unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach AND phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan AND the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience AND snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method AND then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method AND then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes AND 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies AND measures for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies AND solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) AND with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic SOCIAL education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, AND resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers AND educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies AND solutions of teacher training curricula.

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan AND to identify the impact of SOCIAL capital AND its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive AND survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample AND were selected AND studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method AND its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of SOCIAL capital (α = 0.879) AND housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between SOCIAL capital AND its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable AND its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between SOCIAL capital AND the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source AND destination of all human life; AND man leaves it for work AND SOCIAL activity, AND after doing it AND gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad AND complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services AND facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, SOCIAL, indigenous AND CULTURAL values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown AND are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially SOCIAL housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life AND habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension AND consequently a small increase in the construction AND architecture of residential complexes AND other dimensions of sustainable development, including SOCIAL, CULTURAL, physical AND The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it AND in a wider area with the region AND the world; it creates problems for the city AND its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination AND compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development AND the need to create AND expAND SOCIAL capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research AND the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster rANDom sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters AND homogeneous groups AND then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors AND specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results AND discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the SOCIAL capital index is not desirable. The average of SOCIAL capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of SOCIAL capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability AND SOCIAL capital. AND the order of the effect of SOCIAL capital variable on the dimensions of economic, SOCIAL, physical AND environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent VARIABLES are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the SOCIAL interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model VARIABLES remains constant, an increase in the independent SOCIAL interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing AND its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing AND the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography AND customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of SOCIAL factors or in other words SOCIAL capital cannot be ignored; Because SOCIAL capital is rooted in the structure AND SOCIAL norms of society AND is generally a combination of trust, communication network, SOCIAL norms AND SOCIAL relations at the individual AND community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the SOCIAL capital of residents AND the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the SOCIAL capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective AND reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene AND cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green AND ... will interact AND participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Analyzing administrative documents holds significant importance within the realms of archaeology AND sociology, akin to the study of other archaeological evidence. These examinations play a pivotal role in reconstructing various systems, encompassing management, SOCIAL dynamics, economic structures, AND political frameworks. Delving into administrative management within prehistoric societies unveils the intricate SOCIAL intricacies AND the supervision exercised by a designated leader or head over a subordinate group, representing an internal control mechanism. Notably, seals, impressions on seals, AND diverse accounting artifacts serve as pivotal administrative documents. However, the exploration AND investigation of such CULTURAL data in northwestern Iran remain relatively scarce. Therefore, the current study endeavors to present, evaluate, AND scrutinize the administrative records of Chalcolithic societies in northwestern Iran, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. Numerous inquiries persist without resolution regarding the administrative records AND evidence pertaining to the later prehistory of northwest Iran. Ambiguity surrounds the quantification of Chalcolithic administrative documents within this region. Furthermore, the methodology for analyzing AND evaluating the ownership AND managerial evidence from the later prehistoric era in this area remains unclear. Addressing these uncertainties can establish a definitive framework AND a solid foundation for investigating these matters in northwest Iran. Leveraging administrative data obtained from various sites including Tepe Chay Khoy, Chakhmaqluq, Tepe Kulyeri (Tepe Caravanserai), Sohachay Tepe, AND others, the authors conduct an assessment of managerial evidence in the northwestern region of Iran. Furthermore, utilizing extant CULTURAL artifacts AND drawing upon the outcomes of prior studies facilitates an exploration into phenomena such as long-distance trade, economic endeavors, SOCIAL intricacies, AND CULTURAL exchanges with neighboring areas

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, AND contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize SOCIAL relations in mobile SOCIAL networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, AND broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution AND to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, AND DR about 3.5-times, 30%, AND 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% AND 6%, AND average latency about 6% AND 8% better than that of DR AND TCCB, respectively.

Introduction: SOCIAL responsibility from an ethical point of view includes the obligations AND duties of natural AND legal persons towards society AND the environment. The moral behavior of people, like understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility, depends on their liberal ideology, beliefs AND human values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study the relationship between liberalism AND human values with the moral understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility. Material & Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population includes the financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, AND the questionnaire was rANDomly distributed among them AND 110 questionnaires were received. The sampling method is rANDom. The research tool is a questionnaire AND multivariate regression using SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The research results show that human values based on public interest have a significant AND positive relationship with the moral understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility. But the thinking of liberalism does not have a meaningful relationship with the moral understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, human values based on public interest can be considered as a tool to strengthen the moral behavior of company managers regarding corporate SOCIAL responsibility. Also, improving the thinking of liberalism in managers can strengthen their SOCIAL responsibility. In this case, the policy makers of Stock Exchange can direct the managers of the listed companies to comply more with the SOCIAL responsibility of the company, through teaching human values AND strengthening those values, as well as monitoring the implementation of ethical regulations

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified AND were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. SOCIAL factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. CULTURAL factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The SOCIAL Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” AND “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, AND their “Love Schema”. CULTURAL Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs AND values” AND “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” AND “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” AND “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through SOCIAL Media Networks AND Foreign Satellite Channels” AND “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” AND “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men AND youth in Iran, more than other SOCIAL Groups.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, SOCIAL, physical, AND CULTURAL dimensions of rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development AND rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population AND housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households AND 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test AND factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) AND lAND-use changes (3/78) AND unity AND plurality such as Design AND style of housing architecture (3/01) AND public transit architecture (3/23) AND then differentiation AND homogeneity such as proportionality with rural life (3/58) AND rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 AND 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local AND regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, SOCIAL, AND economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, rural areas in developing countries face various economic, SOCIAL, AND environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agriCULTURAL activities such as the development of hANDicrafts, food industries, AND tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring AND rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed rural areas,  AND leads to changes in the physical dimensions AND physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum AND distributed rANDomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan AND Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, AND Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test AND Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results AND discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, AND environmental cleanliness AND lAND-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (LANDscape of free passages AND the type of architectural style), AND differentiation/similarity (proportional to rural life AND Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, AND differentiation AND similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), AND (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, AND the difference is positive AND means between upper AND lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, AND the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 VARIABLES extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely rural planning AND architecture, beautification AND environmental hygiene, privacy AND road improvement, rural livelihoods, CULTURAL regeneration, AND physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity AND plurality, AND differentiation AND similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its SOCIAL AND economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene AND cleanliness of the rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) AND (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied VARIABLES had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning AND architecture of rural housing with 27% of the total variance AND beautification AND sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes AND, consequently, the physical identity of the rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council AND the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure AND function of the villages in the region; Management of lAND use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation AND environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties AND beautifying them using the SOCIAL AND CULTURAL elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining AND transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products AND also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, AND this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key VARIABLES affecting the relations AND spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving AND successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning AND carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) AND also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling AND Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each VARIABLES in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, AND autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 VARIABLES (like as “income, cost AND investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment AND desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection AND sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade AND tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining AND transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products AND also, business activities. The global increase in oil demAND since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells AND large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region AND form a new geographical relationship between ports AND coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure AND relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, AND this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports AND created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth AND physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the VARIABLES AND factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic AND transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy AND commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, BANDar-Abbas AND Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key VARIABLES affecting the relations AND spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving AND successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning AND carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) AND also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative AND the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the VARIABLES affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge AND information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of VARIABLES. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results AND discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the VARIABLES in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system AND their role in the dynamics AND changes of the system. The method of distribution AND dispersion of the VARIABLES in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each VARIABLES in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous AND regulatory VARIABLES). According to the results, some VARIABLES such as “the changes in the strategic positions” AND “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” AND “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” AND “the way of national AND international management of ports have been introduced as driver VARIABLES. On the other hAND, five VARIABLES consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” AND “income, cost AND investment in the port-city”, “the contrast AND physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial AND production activities in the ports AND their local hinterlAND” AND “their qualities Financial AND commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage VARIABLES. Findings of research also shows that some VARIABLES consist of “quality of living environment AND desirable city”, “quantity AND quality of transit corridors (rail, road AND air) to hinterlAND”, “construction AND launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities AND infrastructure AND warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city AND the port” AND “increase in population growth rate AND migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent VARIABLES. Three VARIABLES including “CULTURAL AND historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean AND renewable energies in the city-port” AND “environmental protection AND sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous VARIABLES. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management AND information technology AND development in loading, unloading AND storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory VARIABLES. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation AND clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic AND foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce AND explain the key VARIABLES affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 VARIABLES have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 VARIABLES extracted, 4 VARIABLES (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment AND desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection AND sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade AND tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports AND ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city AND the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade AND advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.